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Chapter 7 The Underground Railroad Hypothesis
Underground Railroad Station Possibility-----Rufus Sigler by Dr. Robert Thomas Sigler-----Correspondence with Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.-----Excerpts from "Underground Railroad, First Person Narratives of Escapes to Freedom in the North" by Charles Blockson. Prentice Hall, New York, 1987. Provided by Ms. Jeannie Regan-Dinius, Indiana Department of Natural Resources
Underground Railroad Possibility
A hypothesis has been developed which indicates that the Chalybeate Community may have been a station on the Underground Railroad. According to the deed and the memorial stone in the cemetery for the Methodist minister, J. M. McIntyre, in the cemetery, one part of the community was a Methodist congregation. The time between the first and last burials in the cemetery covered a time span of 118 years. The current day United Methodist Church should have information about the existence of the Chalybeate Springs Methodist Episcopal Church. As a minimum, it should have records which indicate the names of the pastors assigned to the church or the circuit of which it was a part. The main questions with regard to this issue remains "Where were the records of the Kentucky Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church maintained during the period from 1844 to 1939 and where are they archived today?" We have not yet recovered that information from the United Methodist Church. Correspondence from the archivists of the Indiana Conferences of the United Methodist Church at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, have provided the following information : "When he died on April, 12, 1864, James McIntyre was assigned to the Green River and Henderson Circuit of the Kentucky Conference. He was on trial, serving his second appointment for the conference, and not yet ordained, which explains why we could find no obituary for him." The Green River and Henderson Circuit was a part of the Green River District with I. F. Harrison serving as P. E. There were three churches, one parsonage, and 212 members in the circuit in 1864 and it was the largest circuit in the district. The documentation which has been provided for this information is page 6 of the minutes of the Kentucky Conference which was held in Augusta, Kentucky, on February 25-29, 1864, with Bishop Matthew Simpson presiding. Correspondence from the archivists of the Kentucky Conferences of the United Methodist Church at Kentucky at Kentucky Wesleyan College in Owensboro, Kentucky, have provided information that M. Simpson was the bishop of the Kentucky Conference M. E. Church (North) in 1864. A special "thank you" is extended to John R. Riggs, Linda Butler, and William E. Bartelt of the Indiana Conferences of the United Methodist Church and Richard A. Weiss and Becky Rightmyer of the Kentucky Conferences of the United Methodist Church. Playfair's Law states that 1) Water flows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation, 2) Streams form the valleys in which they flow, and 3) Streams meet at common elevations (except in the case of glaciation). Simple land navigation tends to dictate that people follow either of the two paths created by nature.....streams or ridge lines. The Chalybeate Springs Community was located on the ridge line of the Tradewater River Basin and at the headwaters of the Caney Fork of the Craborchard Creek of the Tradewater River. It would have been easy to find. However, people would have had to have been very careful if they had followed the Tradewater River to get to Chalybeate. The goal was to cross the Ohio River into Indiana....not Illinois. Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky share a common boundary point very close to the Chalybeate Community. The meeting house lot and cemetery were located in close proximity to both Diamond Island and Evansville, Indiana. See the excerpt below for information about Underground Railroad routes with respect to Diamond Island and Evansville, Indiana. Both were popular crossing points for ex-slaves trying to get across the Ohio River and into Indiana "Free Territory". The community lies just west of a line from Hopkinsville, Kentucky, to Evansville, Indiana. The Tradewater River could have been used as a route on the Underground Railroad. If people had followed the Tradewater River to the Ohio River and crossed it there, they would have crossed the river into the counties in Illinois which voted overwhelmingly in favor of the 1824 state constitutional amendment convention to re-establish slavery in Illinois. They would not have wanted to do that. A tourist attraction in the region in recent decades has been the "Old Slave House" which was functional during the era of the Underground Railroad. Taking a right turn up Craborchard Creek and then up Caney Fork would have taken them to the Chalybeate Community. If they were following the ridge line of the Tradewater River basin, they would have also arrived at the Chalybeate Community just before they entered the pro-southern area of Union County, Kentucky. They could have then been escorted to the proper Ohio River crossing points and into Indiana. Over 50,000 North Carolinians left the state and moved to Ohio or Indiana in protest to slavery during the thirty years before the Civil War. Quakers, who in the beginning made up one of the largest organized religious groups in North Carolina, led Methodists, Weslyans and others to oppose slavery and to work for betterment of slaves. As Levi Coffin and his family became more and more involved in aiding escaping slaves to head north through Virginia and Kentucky, Levi Coffin, his wife Katie, and others moved to Indiana, then to Cincinnati, where he could keep control of the long routes that slaves were being escorted over to reach free states. Levi Coffin, who became known as the unofficial president of the Underground Railroad, used many freed African Americans, as well as white Americans to assist in moving escaping slaves along the lines from Carolina to Canada. The Snow Camp Historical Drama Society, having just completed the 20th anniversary season of the outdoor drama, "The Sword of Peace", is earmarking a third decade with the opening of an additional outdoor drama "Pathway to Freedom", the Nation's only outdoor drama about the Underground Railroad. The information in this paragraph is from North Carolina Discoveries. Jacob Sigler and his wife, Malinda Roberts, owned the land where the meeting house lot is located. Jacob Sigler's grandparents were Jacob Sigler and his wife, Margaret. They lived in Virginia and moved to the western part of North Carolina. Jacob and Margaret's children moved west through Tennessee and Kentucky and several of them settled in the Tradewater River Basin. Many of their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren are buried in cemeteries which lie in a south - north line from Princeton, Kentucky, to the Chalybeate Community (map map legend) and they and their spouses account for about one third of the burials in the cemetery at Chalybeate. Jacob and Margaret were community leaders in the Baptist church groups in North Carolina. Marilyn Swanson has indicated on the Sigler page of the "Our Family Tree" section of her web site http://www.foreverlivingproducts.net that Jacob had a brother, John Sigler. John's descendents went west through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The two groups could have set up a network for the Underground Railroad through family ties. Jacob Sigler, husband of Malinda, also had an aunt and cousins who settled in Indiana south of Indianapolis. Charles Franklin Wallace was the father of Charlotte Elizabeth Wallace (wife of David Sigler) and was the son of John Wallace (1782-1855) and Francis Taylor (1787-1856). An excerpt from the History of Gibson County, Indiana, (Jas T. Tartt & Co, Edwardsville, Illinois, 1884) concerning John Wallace, the father of Charles Franklin Wallace is as follows. "Mr. Wallace and wife were both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and he was for many years a class leader. He was a Whig and Republican, and being strongly opposed to the institution of slavery, it was the the prime reason of his leaving Kentucky. He was also a botanic doctor and was successful in the practice, though his main occupation was that of a farmer." Jacob Sigler was the grandson of George Wales (1737-1824) and Nancy Irvin, who were born in Pennsylvania in the Quaker community and moved to North Carolina in 1767 where they became involved with the Baptist community. Jacob's parents, John Sigler and Nancy Wales were married in North Carolina and moved to Robertson County, Tennessee, where Jacob Sigler grew up. George Wales moved to Warren County, Ohio, in 1816 and Jacob Sigler had grandparents, an uncle, and cousins living there during the 1800's. (History of Warren County, Ohio, by W. H. Beers, 1882, pp. 650, 1019, 1020) and (Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, Volume 1, North Carolina) Mary Sigler, a sister of Jacob Sigler's father (John Sigler), was born in Loudoun County, Virginia. She moved with her family to Rowan County, North Carolina, and, at the age of seventeen, married Samuel Wales, a brother of Jacob Sigler's mother (Nancy Wales) in 1791. The family lived in Rowan County, North Carolina, and seven children (Margaret Wales, Sarah Wales, George Wales, Jacob Wales, Isaac Wales, Sabra Wales, and William Winford Wales) were born from 1792 to 1818. Mary and Samuel moved to Indiana to be with their son, Isaac, and his family. Mary died in 1845 in Bartholomew County, Indiana, and is buried there. Catherine Sigler, a sister of Jacob Sigler's father (John Sigler) was born in Loudoun County, Virginia. She moved with her family to Rowan County, North Carolina, and, at the age of fifteen, married Samuel Wales Busey in 1794. Catherine and Samuel moved to Shelby and Franklin Counties in Kentucky where seven children (Matthew Wales Busey, Edith Busey, Jacob Busey, Mary Busey, Lazarus Whitehead Busey, Catherine Busey, and Samuel Andrew Jackson Busey) were born from 1798 to 1813. The family moved to Washington County, Indiana, and two more sons, John H. Busey and Singleton Wilson Busey, were born in 1815 and 1818. Samuel died in Putnam County, Illinois, in 1844 and Catherine died in Urbana, Champaign County, Illinois, in 1845. Matthew Wales Busey married Elizabeth Bush in Washington County, Indiana, in 1821. Eight children (Louisa Jane Busey, Simeon Harrison Busey, Mary Cerelda Busey, Sarah A. Busey, Samuel Thompson Busey, Elizabeth Frances Busey, and Matthew D. Busey) were born. Elizabeth Bush Busey died in Champaign County, Illinois, in 1880. The area of the cemetery is about 80,000 square feet. There are about 161 known gravestones in the history of the cemetery. Simple mathematics indicates that there is about 500 square feet of surface area in the cemetery for each known grave. Either the cemetery is extremely under populated or many people have been buried in the cemetery without the graves being marked by stones. Keep in mind that some of the researchers in the past included a grave with a burial date of 1842 in their lists of stones. Their lists of stones in the cemetery should be reasonably complete. Questions remain. If there were other people buried in the cemetery, who were they and why were they buried there? It is probable that the Chalybeate Methodist community was an enclave of pro-northern, anti-slavery, and integrationist political philosophy surrounded by people who held the opposite views. The new county, Webster County, was formed in 1860 just prior to the Civil War. The first sheriff, Noah Nichols Johnson, resigned with the following statement "I deem it requisite to my safety personally and my honor as a citizen to tender my resignation." on February 17, 1862. He then joined the Confederate military forces. Below are excerpts from a statement presented by my brother, Dr. Robert Thomas Sigler (PhD - Sociology) concerning the social training of our grandfather, Rufus Sigler. The views of Rufus are significant with respect to the social views of the Chalybeate Methodist community. Both of Rufus' parents grew up in the community and all four of his grandparents are buried in the cemetery. At least one set of his great grandparents, Jacob Sigler and Malinda Roberts, are also buried there.
Recollections of things told to me by my Grandfather, Rufus Sigler
Written as remembered by Robert T.
(Bob) Sigler 7-3-01 My grandfather was an important figure in my life. I knew him better than my
brother and sister did because his house was identified as home for me in the
years before my sister was old enough to have memory of him and before my
brother was born. We went home each summer until I was in my teens. Grandfather
brought the old wooden chairs from the shed when folks came to visit, and set
them under the shade tree by the house where the men gathered to talk. I was
included in the discussions and listened to the men talk among themselves. In
later years, I realized that many of these shade tree discussions were training
sessions for me during which my grandfather provided experiences from which I
could learn proper values and behaviors.
The symbols in the photos above have been found in the cemetery at Chalybeate. They may be related to the Masonic Order and/or the Underground Railroad. The four-rayed star with a central point was the symbol for a high ranking Mason. However, the symbols may just be pretty artwork on cemetery stones. The stones marked the graves of people who died during the 1840's. Some of the information in this paragraph has been provided by Stan Planton, Head Librarian, Chillicothe Campus, Ohio University.
X-Sender: hgates@pop.fas.harvard.edu Subject: Snippet from "The Underground Railroad" The below (beneath my name) is from "Underground Railroad, First Person Narratives of Escapes to Freedom in the North" by Charles Blockson. Prentice Hall, New York, 1987. I do not have the book here in the office, but rather was given the below as a photocopy. Please check your local library for copies. The book, from the pages given to me, is not footnoted. I hope thought it will help some in their research. Jeannie Regan-Dinius, Special Projects Coordinator Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology 402 W. Washington Street, RM W274 Indianapolis, IN 46204 317/232-1646 "The Underground Railroad existed in every state north of the border slave states and had a particularly extensive network in the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Ordinance of 1787, adopted to create and govern the Northwest Territory, stated that "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." It was this feature, introduced in the great ordinance by New Englanders, that frustrated the many attempts subsequently made by Indiana Territory to have slavery admitted within its own boundaries by congressional enactment, according to Siebert. "It is probable," wrote James Ford Rhodes, "that had it not been for the prohibitory clause, slavery would have gained such a foothold in Indiana and Illinois that the two would have been organized as slaveholding states" (cited in Siebert, The Underground Railroad, 338). Considering the geographical location of Indiana, between the Ohio River and Lake Michigan, it was natural for the Underground Railroad network to be established in the region early. Indiana had its share of men and women who were staunchly opposed to slavery and regarded the system as an unmitigated evil. This viewpoint was expressed not only by the abolitionists antislavery citizens, but by less passionate antislavery citizens. Among Indiana's residents was Quaker Levi Coffin, the reputed president of the Underground Railroad. Harriet Beecher Stowe's characters Simeon and Rachel Halliday were based on Levi and Catherine Coffin. She also described a station stop on Elise's journey as "a Quaker settlement in Indiana." Coffin had helped the real-life model for Stowe's Eliza during her flight to freedom, for Coffin's house at Newport, now Fountain City, was on the direct line between Canada and Cincinnati, where probably the greatest number of fugitives crossed the Ohio River from bordering slave territory. Coffin's house was often called the "Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad." During the summer of 1983, while on my tour of Underground Railroad sites, I had the opportunity to visit the Coffin homestead. It is a two-story brick house with a basement that was used as a hiding place. The interior has been kept simple in the Quaker tradition. Coffin kept a horse and wagon in his barn constantly ready for emergencies connected with the Underground. It is impossible to ascertain the number of fugitive caravans. Siebert located 244 conductors in his study of the Underground Railroad in this state. In both Indiana and Michigan, women's societies were formed ass auxiliaries, and the Female Anti-slavery Association, formed at Jefferson in Henry County, organized a Committee of Vigilance "to seek out such colored females as for, who may now be, or shall hereafter come, within our limits, and assist them in any way they may deem expedient either by advice or pecuniary means." At Diamond Island near West Franklin, Posey County, many runaway slaves were helped over the Ohio River and then taken by one of two routes. One route crossed the Wabash River at Webb's Ferry near the southern line of Gibson County and continued up along the Wabash - or near it in Illinois to a rendezvous from which friends carried them on to a point near Lake Michigan either in Lake, Porter, or LaPorte Counties. There was a place in each county where they could be secreted and smuggled on board a lumber bark owned and operated by antislavery people. This boat was not much to look at but was built for strength and speed. Anyone not acquainted with it would think the boat not fit, to venture far from shore. The boat cruised along the shore, landing at different points in three counties, loading and unloading the freight that was offered but carrying no passengers. The Negroes were kept secreted in the holds until a number were gathered together. Then they were taken along the Michigan shore on up into Canada. The other route from Diamond Island was to a point in Vanderburg County then known as the Calvert neighborhood, thence north to various rendezvous. Near the city of Evansville was another place where the w s a very runaways crossed the Ohio. This was a very popular route as there were many free Negroes in the city among whom the refugees could be easily hidden. A third route was a short distance above the mouth of Little Pigeon. The refugees crossed here by skiff and were carried up and turned over to friends between Boonville and Lynnville in Warrick County, Indiana A fourth place for crossing the Ohio River was a point midway between Owensboro, Kentucky, and Rockport, Indiana. There used to be a little fisherman's hut on the south bank of the river at this point. Two fishermen lived in that shock. They sold their catch to steamboats, flatboats, and coal fleets passing down, the river and made good money this way, but their real business '"as to carry across the Ohio River the refugees that were brought to their shack at night. A few miles east, at Rockport, Indiana, was another crossing over the Ohio River. The next regular crossing was near the mouth of Indiana Creek in Harrison County. Refugees were ferried across, then conveyed to friends near Corydon who carried them farther into Wayne, where they had a host of friends among the Quakers. They were then piloted through western Ohio and on to Lake Erie Probably more Negroes crossed over the Ohio River at two or three places above Louisville than at any other place from the mouth of the Wabash to Cincinnati. The reason for this was that the three good-sized cities at Clifty Falls (Greensburg, Westport, and Clarksburg) furnished good hiding places for the runaways. Those crossing at these places were all conveyed on to Wayne County, Indiana, and thence on to Lake Michigan."
Tradewater Basin Cemetery Map Legend
Click HERE for a map of the cemeteries in the Tradewater Basin showing the locations of the cemeteries of generations 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the descendents of Jacob and Margaret Sigler of Virginia and North Carolina. The codes before the cemetery names and city names match the codes on the map. The map has a geographic grid. The degrees, minutes, and seconds of the lines of longitude are: 1 (88 06 45), 2 (88 01 30), 3 (87 56 15), 4 (87 51 00), 5 (87 45 45), 6 (87 40 30), 7 (87 35 15), 8 (87 30 00) and 9 (87 24 45). The degrees, minutes, and seconds of the lines of latitude are: A (36 53 30), B (36 56 40), C (36 59 50), D (37 03 00), E (37 06 10), F (37 09 20), G (37 12 30), H (37 15 40), I (37 18 50), J (37 22 00), K (37 25 10), L (37 28 20), M (37 31 30), N (37 34 40), O (37 37 50), P (37 41 00), and Q (37 44 10).
SECOND GENERATION 2 HS Kentucky, Caldwell County, Holeman/Sigler Cemetery2 SI Kentucky, Caldwell County, Rowena Baker Farm, Sigler Cemetery
THIRD GENERATION 3 FA Kentucky, Caldwell County, Farmersville, Death Location3 SG Kentucky, Crittenden County, Shady Grove, Will Sigler Cemetery, (on Nadine Sigler Horning Farm)3 OC Kentucky, Webster County, Old Chalybeate Springs Methodist Cemetery3 ?? Kentucky, Webster County, Ramsey Farm
FOURTH GENERATION 4 HO Kentucky, Caldwell County, Holeman Cemetery4 LC Kentucky, Caldwell County, Liberty Church Cemetery4 MC Kentucky, Caldwell County, McNeely/Calvert Cemetery4 CH Kentucky, Caldwell County, Princeton, Cedar Hill Cemetery4 YO Kentucky, Caldwell County, Young Cemetery3 SG Kentucky, Crittenden County, Shady Grove Cemetery4 BO Kentucky, Union County, Bordley, Burial Location4 BO Kentucky, Union County, Bordley, Masonic and Odd Fellows Cemetery4 COHO Kentucky, Union County, Cowan/Holeman Cemetery4 AS Kentucky, Webster, Ashland Cemetery4 CL Kentucky, Webster County, Clay, IOOF Cemetery4 HT Kentucky, Webster County, Hilltop Cemetery4 SH Kentucky, Webster County, Lisman, Shiloh Cemetery4 PR Kentucky, Webster County, Providence, Big Hill Cemetery4 PR Kentucky, Webster County, Providence, Sigler Cemetery
FIFTH GENERATION 5 JO Kentucky, Caldwell County, Jones Cemetery
CITY CODES C CroftonD DixonDS Dawson SpringsE EarlingtonF FredoniaM Marion (1I), Morganfield (3P), and Madisonville (7I)P Princeton (3E) and Providence (5J)S Sturgis |